Name that Smell!

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Ever wondered why your cannabis smells so skunky? Or why it smells like strawberry shortcake? Let’s briefly hop on down to smell town!

The following is an article produced by a contributing author. Growers Network does not endorse nor evaluate the claims of our contributors, nor do they influence our editorial process. We thank our contributors for their time and effort so we can continue our exclusive Growers Spotlight service.

Hello Growers Network! Today I wanted to deviate from our usual conversations about growing cannabis to talk a little bit about the wonderful smells of Cat Piss.

Just kidding. But we are talking about smells today, and many of the smells in cannabis originate from a group of compounds commonly known as terpenes.

What are terpenes?

Well, if you ask Wikipedia, it’ll tell you that:

“Terpenes (/ˈtɜːrpiːn/) are a large and diverse class of organic compounds, produced by a variety of plants, particularly conifers, and by some insects. They often have a strong odor and may protect the plants that produce them by deterring herbivores and by attracting predators and parasites of herbivores.”

Which is somewhat helpful to us. Essentially, terpenes are a group of compounds found in a large variety of plants (and some insects) that produce a lot of the smells and tastes we have come to associate with those plants (and insects). For example, the lemony smell you get from citrus fruits? That’s a terpene. The pine scent you get from pine trees? Also a terpene.

So why do some strains smell so differently?

That’s because their terpene profile is different. Some terpenes can smell earthy, some can smell like citrus, some can smell like trees or pine. It all depends on the variety of terpenes and their relative concentrations in the strain.

Related Article: DiscOmic Labeling System for Cannabis

Our friends over at Digamma Consulting sent us a super helpful chart that breaks down the vast majority of smells you’ll find in modern cannabis strains.

This list is by no means comprehensive -- there are significantly more varieties of terpenes that can be found in the plant world -- but these are some of the more common terpenes that you will find in cannabis.

So what are your thoughts? Do you have a favorite smell? Let us know below.

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Hunter Wilson is a community builder with Growers Network. He graduated from the University of Arizona in 2011 with a Masters in Teaching and in 2007 with a Bachelors in Biology.

M&F Talent Tip of the Month: Career Training for Cannabis Growers

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Kent Gruetzmacher of Mac & Fulton Talent Partners helps us learn a little bit about education and training opportunities for new growers in the cannabis industry.

Indubitably, the cannabis industry presents an extremely unique career path for job seekers. There are many challenges in the cannabis job search, and they arise partially due to the fact that the industry is brand new and lacks in traditional professional training opportunities. As recruiters in the cannabis space, Mac & Fulton Talent Partners see firsthand the difficulties faced by those looking to find career training, especially when it comes to cultivation positions.

Of any career path in the marijuana business, cannabis cultivation jobs are the toughest to staff due to an overall lack in professional training programs. Also, many experienced cannabis growers find their roots (no pun intended) in the black or grey market, making their expertise extremely difficult to verify as an employer. To make this notion more complicated, grower positions garner a good deal of attention from novices outside the industry who claim to be “master growers.” Therefore, hiring parties looking to hire a skilled cannabis cultivator must sift through a good deal of questionable information to determine who will be a good fit for their company.

In more traditional career environments, the fact that an applicant has a relevant college degree or experience takes much of the “guesswork” out of the hiring process. This is because hiring parties can see exactly what these candidates have studied in school and objectively weigh this coursework against their minimum hiring criteria. It goes without saying, this process is almost non-existent concerning cannabis cultivation jobs.

The recruiters at M&F Talent are often asked what sort of job training is recommended for a career in cannabis cultivation. While there is no definitive answer to this question, there are a few avenues one can explore in beefing up their resume for a career in marijuana horticulture. Here is a brief overview of training programs for cannabis cultivation jobs:

Online Training

Anyone who has researched an education for marijuana cultivation has doubtless run into online training programs, such as THC University. Generally, these online schools offer horticultural instruction by way of video tutorials and online quizzes. While this online training can prove quite helpful in achieving a basic understanding of cannabis growth processes, they don’t qualify anyone to be a managerial-level cannabis cultivator. As such, online certifications are beneficial for those interested in pursuing entry-level positions as cultivation technicians or harvest workers.

Compliance Certifications

States like Colorado offer compliance training programs for those looking to understand the rules and regulations of the cannabis industry. Looking to cultivation positions, it is recommended that underground growers engage in this sort of training to make their experience more marketable in the today’s modern, regulated industry. Not only does formal compliance training show that a grower is willing to “play by the rules” in a compliant operation, it also shows they understand track-and-trace protocols of such entities as the Colorado MED (Marijuana Enforcement Division).

Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA)

For those growers who are truly passionate about a managerial-level career in cannabis cultivation, a four-year degree in Controlled Environment Agriculture is a great choice. To illustrate, schools such as Cornell University offer extensive training in both indoor and greenhouse crop production that applies seamlessly to cannabis cultivation. One of the real draws of programs like this is that they provide up-to-date training on cultivation equipment and technology. As the cannabis industry grows increasingly competitive, businesses are streamlining operations with smart grow equipment and software. As such, formal training in cutting-edge technology and methods is ideal for higher-level cannabis cultivation jobs in today’s market.

Northern Michigan University

As of right now, Northern Michigan University is the only accredited college that offers a four-year degree program dedicated solely to cannabis. The program is titled Medicinal Plant Chemistry and covers horticultural techniques as well as medicinal applications of cannabis. Northern Michigan University is seeing an overwhelming interest in their cannabis program and other accredited schools are sure to follow their lead. This progressive program is a great avenue for growers looking to understand the fine details of cannabis-based science.

Summary

As the cannabis industry continues to evolve with widening legalization, options for professional training will continue to evolve with it. For the time being, growers have a few solid avenues to follow in developing marketable resumes for cultivation careers. As things progress, we will also gain a clearer understanding of what key attributes make one qualified for higher-level cultivation positions.

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2. Email: info@mandfconsultants.com
3. Phone: (630) 733-9362

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About the Author

Kent Gruetzmacher M.F.A. is a Colorado based freelance writer and the Director of Business Development at Mac & Fulton Talent Partners (www.mandfconsultants.com), a recruiting firm dedicated to the indoor gardening and cannabis space. He is interested in utilizing his M.A. in the Humanities to critically explore the many cultural and business facets of this youthful, emergent industry by way of his entrepreneurial projects.

California Green-lights First Annual Cultivation Licenses

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Exciting news from out of California! Cannabiz Media tells us more.

Disclaimer

This article was originally published on Cannabiz Media's blog. If you would like to read the original article, please click here.

Celebrations are in order for one cannabis cultivator in California caught by surprise a few weeks ago, just after it had been approved for two annual adult-use cultivation licenses — a first for the state, which legalized adult-use cannabis back in November 2016. There are thousands of temporary licenses in California, just waiting in limbo, but Forbidden Fruit Farms in southern Humboldt County got the green light to grow within the framework of the Specialty Outdoor and Speciality Mixed-Light Tier 1 licenses.

The agency in charge of cultivation licenses, the Department of Food and Agriculture’s CalCannabis, quietly rolled out the active annual listings Saturday, Oct. 27.

Editor’s Note: The listings are not publicly available (at least not as far as I can find). You might try contacting them if you want more details.

“This is a historic moment for the state of California and an important step in bringing the cannabis industry into the regulated market,” Richard Parrott, director of CalCannabis, said in a statement emailed to Cannabiz Media on Oct. 30.

Will California soon see a wave of annual licenses? There were 2,547 annual cultivation license applications under review as of Monday, Oct. 29, according to a CalCannabis spokesperson. And that number doesn’t even account for all of the other types of licenses waiting for review, such as manufacturing, retail, and testing.

‘Too Far to Quit Now’

The move was both so long-awaited and anxiously anticipated that it even caught the applicant off-guard, who submitted his application for an annual license on April 27 and said he had no idea he was about to be approved until he received an email from CalCannabis asking for the license fee to be submitted.

“I was honestly in shock at first,” Dylan Carstensen, the owner and cultivator of Forbidden Fruit Farms, told KymKemp.com, a local news site that first announced the approval.

He added that getting permitted wouldn’t have been possible without his partner, Kaylie Saxon, general manager of Green Road Consulting, a Humboldt-based civil engineering firm that specializes in cannabis compliance.

“With this being such a new process, the regulations both locally and statewide change so rapidly it’s hard to keep up,” Carstensen told Cannabiz Media.

Carstensen said the duo pushed through the hurdles of legalization, eventually adopting this mindset: “We’ve gone too far to quit now, and we’re riding this train until there are no more tracks.”

As the very first official adult-use cannabis cultivator, Forbidden Fruit Farms will be allowed cultivation with artificial light at a rate of 6 watts or less per square foot, as well as an outdoor cultivation area of 5,000 square feet of canopy or less and up to 50 mature plants.

Who Will Be Next?

Cannabiz Media has also learned that a manufacturer received an email not long ago about being approved for an annual license; the email came from the state’s Manufactured Cannabis Safety Branch, which handles licenses for making products and is part of the Department of Public Health.
The company, located in Richmond, has had a temporary license since Jan. 1 and applied for its annual license in the spring, according to Nara Dahlbacka, vice president of Milo Group of California Inc., an Oakland-based government affairs firm that offers strategic counseling.

“This manufacturing client is one we’ve been working with on their local authorization in the city of Richmond for nearly two years,” Dahlbacka added.

She said the email was received Friday, October 26th and stated that the annual application was approved, pending payment of the licensing. She said that she was not sure if the payment had been made yet.

6,000 Licenses and Counting

The only other annual licenses the state has okayed have been for a handful of Event Organizers. These came from a third agency, the Bureau of Cannabis Control, which falls under the Department of Consumer Affairs and regulates the process for retailers, distributors, testing labs, and microbusinesses.

Amongst the three departments, at least 6,000 licenses are still listed as temporary, which are only valid for 120 days, with the possibility of 90-day extensions. During the 120 days, license holders are supposed to file their annual application with the state. And then they wait.

The state started accepting applications for temporary licenses, which require approval from local jurisdictions, at the beginning of the year. The window of opportunity to apply for those licenses closes on Dec. 31. Anyone who is trying to set up shop in a jurisdiction with a grueling approval process could be left holding the bag. Especially for cultivation because CalCannabis has moved their cutoff date to Dec. 1.

Meanwhile, temporary applications are still rolling in, tying up a lot of time and resources while those with nearing expiration dates are wondering what’s happening with their applications.

Legislative Advocate Weighs In

Max Mikalonis, a legislative and regulatory advocate for Sacramento-based K Street Consulting LLC, said he was also recently made aware of a manufacturing company that had been awarded an annual license, adding that its temporary license was near expiration.

“They have been awarded an annual license instead of extending their temporary license,” Mikalonis told Cannabiz Media.

Even once the manufacturer has paid up and officially approved, it could be awhile before the Department of Public Health displays the new information on its website, according to Mikalonis.
He said the department hasn’t updated its license search in over two weeks.
“There has been no formal announcement from the [Bureau of Cannabis Control] or other regulatory agencies about this happening, which is surprising given the news, but maybe that will happen once the Bureau starts to issue licenses as well,” Mikalonis added.

Editor’s Note: What do you think about these kinds of articles? Please let us know in the survey below!

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Jodi Temyer Blacklock is a Data Researcher at Cannabiz Media, where she monitors cannabis licenses and researches regulations throughout several states. She has nearly a decade of experience as a writer and editor for niche publications and has an MA in Journalism from the University of Memphis, where she analyzed media tactics regarding coverage of the cannabis industry for her thesis, “Medical Marijuana and Mass Media Effects: Agenda-Setting and Framing in the Debate over Legalization.”

Farm v. Boutique: Quantity v. Quality?

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Today we stick our noses where they kind of belong and fan the flames.

Hi everyone! We’ve seen a lot of discussions online about the benefits of boutique-grown cannabis or the benefits of farm-grown cannabis. We wanted to throw our collective hat in the ring and ~~add fuel to fire~~ resolve some misconceptions!

So what do we mean by “boutique” or “farm”? Many cannabis enthusiasts have probably heard the terms thrown around, but generally the terms are used to refer to different scales of growing. Generally, when people say “boutique,” they mean:

Small scale grow, under 5000 square feet.
A small team of growers, or even a single grower.
Small quantities of finished product, hand-trimmed.
Lots of energy focused on a smaller number of plants.
Minimal automation.

And when people talk about “farms,” they generally mean:

Large scale grows, over 5000 square feet.
A large team of growers and support staff.
Large quantities of finished product, some hand-trimmed, some machine-trimmed.
Emphasis on large quantity of production over quality.
Emphasis on automation.

But we’re here to ~~take a stand~~ dispel some misconceptions. So here we go!

Large Scale ≠ Low Quality ; Small Scale ≠ High Quality

This is a common myth in the arguments between the two “types” of grow. Large scale, due to its nature, must focus on quantity over quality. This part of the logic does hold up, and on average, it may be true. But, statistically, all product lands on a bell curve of “quality,” which means that even if large scale grows do not emphasize quality, they will still have some high quality products.

Everybody’s products can be represented as points on a bell-curve.

For example, in our Canna Cribs Episode on Los Sueños Farms, the team at Los Sueños takes over 90% of their final product and converts it into trim for extract producers. They take the top 10% of their final product to be sold as premium cannabis. So even though the vast majority of their product may not be seen as high quality, by sheer volume they still produce a significant quantity of high-quality cannabis.

Additionally, just because a small grow has a reason to emphasize quality over quantity, that does not mean it will always be high quality. Since it produces smaller amounts of product, it will statistically be subject to more variance. One year it could yield some excellent quality cannabis, the next year it could produce some mediocre cannabis.

High variance versus low variance.

Here at Grower’s Network, we’ve heard horror stories of small-scale grows going wrong. You name it, powdery mildew gone awry, spider mite infestations, and even nutrient lockout or nutrient burn. Sometimes the cannabis can end up downright unusable.

How do we rectify this dilemma?

Using statistics, silly!

Let’s picture our hypothetical “farm” and “boutique” on a chart displaying their approximate quantity and quality of cannabis produced. Let’s even give the “boutique” a head start, and place their average quality at a higher level than the “farm.”

As you can see, even with an unfair disadvantage, the cannabis farm can still win by sheer numbers! By having such a large volume, a large cannabis farm can supply cannabis users who aren’t picky about their cannabis, and enthusiasts who really care about their quality.

But there’s another argument to be made that’s not mathematical, and I think it’s an important one.

Support your local businesses!

Now this is an argument that I think matters a lot! Don’t forget to support your local businesses. After all, everybody may enjoy a Coors or a Miller at the end of their day, but that local brewery really helps the community. So even if you may end up with the same or more high-quality cannabis from a large grower, it’s important to make sure you help your local economy. If you buy from somebody who lives nearby and grows, you know that your money will find its way back into the community.

What are your thoughts on the matter? Am I woefully wrong? Let us know in the comments or on the Growers Network forum!

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Hunter Wilson is a community builder with Growers Network. He graduated from the University of Arizona in 2011 with a Masters in Teaching and in 2007 with a Bachelors in Biology.

Applying Metagenomic Tools to the Cannabis Microbiome

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Connor Fitzhugh and Stephen Goldman of EVIO Labs take us on a very technical explanation of research that’s being done on cannabis microbial communities, and where we have yet to go.

What Microorganisms Tell Us About Cannabis

Editor’s Note: This article contains some very technical descriptions of microbial communities and genetics. Be ye forewarned!

For many growers in the international Cannabis industry, the only memorable interaction they with the Cannabis microbiome occurs when they fail a Total Yeast and Mold test. The strict limit of 10,000 colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) in Colorado and other US states has forced many growers to undertake stringent sterilization measures for their product to pass. This action limit approaches a no-tolerance policy on yeasts and molds for a plant grown in soil and in close quarters. Such a strict limit has also undoubtedly reduced the public’s exposure to potentially harmful fungi, forcing an otherwise unwilling industry to adapt to modern food safety regulations.

Unfortunately, counting fungi on finished products has distracted both growers and testing laboratories from studying the interactions of the microbial community on Cannabis throughout the plant’s life cycle and many processing steps. Many producers have begun to shift their focus from simply clearing regulatory hurdles to investigating how microbial communities can simultaneously contaminate products while also promoting desired plant traits.

What is Metagenomics?

Metagenomics is the study of DNA (or RNA) sequences from samples directly taken from the environment. These sequencing techniques rely on technologies developed during the race to sequence the human genome. During the project, all 3 billion base pairs of the human DNA code were not sequenced all at once, but split into millions of smaller DNA fragments which were iteratively sequenced. Then, computer software pieced them back together into a final human genome (Editor’s Note: This method is known as shotgun sequencing). Sequencing technology and computing power have advanced by orders of magnitude since then, and we can now apply this strategy to the microbiome; we can now repeatedly sequence DNA from environmental samples containing hundreds or thousands of microorganisms and then use software to construct the microbial metagenome.

This is how we make genetics exciting.

The small fragment of DNA that researchers look for during this type of analysis is a section of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, which encodes an RNA molecule responsible for synthesizing proteins in all living cells. This gene is found across all life on the planet, making it the standard target for differentiating organisms and assigning taxonomies. In a next-generation sequencing run, sections of this gene and neighboring non-coding regions are targeted by sequencing primers which bind to highly conserved base pairs. These universal primers capture the sequences necessary to distinguish species.

Ok, but how is this relevant to us growers?

Metagenomic analysis has been applied to countless different environments in order to tease out the varied roles that microbes play in plant development. Immune function, yield, nutrient capture, and chemotype, are a few of the many plant functions affected by microbial assemblages.

Modern Cannabis grows, however, have not had this analysis. No one in the Cannabis industry would argue that their plants can be grown in sterile soil, and there are many products on the market claiming to inoculate soil with only ‘beneficial’ microbes, but the literature is lacking. Ultimately, getting the right mix of microbes to maximize plant fitness and soil productivity can really only be established by first defining what a ‘healthy’ microbial community looks like, and then looking for deviations from that baseline.

In a system with potentially hundreds of different players, defining the optimal microbiome can be a real challenge. Consider how a microbial community in a Cannabis crop changes from seed through harvest, curing, and packaging. Then consider collecting samples for metagenomic analysis at every single stage, and you realize how significant of an undertaking this would be. Extending such a study to multiple crop cycles and between different grows while collecting data covering plant disease incidence, biomass, and chemotypes, as well as abiotic soil data would be even more daunting.

Despite the challenge involved, studies like this have been employed to address complex ecological questions - for example, how microbial community structure varies and impacts plant communities on a global scale. Fortunately, Cannabis monoculture is a much simpler system than the natural world, and the environment here can be controlled. The environment of the grow can be almost completely determined by the inputs like soil, air, water, and growth medias, and the outputs: the roots, stems, leaves and buds. Each of these sample types will have distinctly different microbial communities.

How do such studies affect me?

Many things can go wrong with a Cannabis crop, and the symptoms of different disorders can manifest similarly. When the cause of a particular problem is completely unknown, a metagenomic approach can be an invaluable first step in determining what the issue is, or whether it is even caused by a microbe.

At PhytaTech, we have found success applying metagenomics tools as a diagnostic, primarily for fungi. For instance, we have found high abundances of Fusarium species, one cause of root rot, infecting the roots and stems of phenotypically ‘sick’ plants. But, interestingly enough, phenotypically ‘healthy’ plants of the same strain also had a similar distribution of the same species of Fusarium, but the number of detections was much lower, suggesting a vertical transmission from the mother plant. Additionally, we have detected rare Ustilaginales species, or smut fungi, as the likely culprit of abnormal gall-like deformations on Cannabis leaves.

From our small projects, we are beginning to piece together what the industrial Cannabis fungal microbiome looks like. The first pattern that stands out is that the microbial community is drastically depending on what tissue is sampled. The rhizosphere is by far the most diverse region due to its contact with the soil. Here, endo- and ecto-mychorrhizal fungi are detected in the greatest abundances, assisting plants with nitrogen acquisition. Here we also find harmful Aspergillus sp. in the greatest abundance.

The intersection of the rhizome and stem shows some overlap. We begin to see increased abundances of plant endophytic fungi and intracellular yeasts. Here a complex interplay of poorly understood mutualistic mycoparasites attack phytoparasities, seeking to exploit the plant’s nutrient transport system.

All I can picture in my head

The ubiquitous powdery mildew (PM) genus, Golovinomyces, also begins to show up in the stem tissue, and composited leaf/bud tissue samples. PM can make up >99% of detected genomic sequences. Even in plant tissue from leaves with no visible PM, abundances are still 90-99% of detected sequences. The relationship between Cannabis and PM is quite intimate – the fungal hyphae completely vascularize the leaf tissue before the ‘powdery’ fungal candida even begin to form. So far, our research seems to indicate that if you see powdery mildew on a leaf, it is on every leaf in the greenhouse. Studying this interaction in more depth would be interesting, as some Cannabis strains appear resistant, but may still harbor the organism. Despite the dominance of Golovinomyces, we also find a lot of the fungi like Penicillium and Candida bear some responsibility for failed Total Yeast and Mold tests on the leaf/bud tissue. Finally, there is often evidence of human contact with the plants, often in the form of Trichsporon cutaneum, a fungus associated with human skin and responsible for dandruff.

What’s next?

Detailing the mutualistic and antagonistic interactions of the microorganisms is a major goal of our research, and one with potential applied benefits. Recently, Dyett et. Al. showed that occurrence of Pierce’s Disease in vineyards caused by the bacteria Xylella fastidiosa is negatively correlated with two other bacterial species, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Achromobacter xylosoxidans. When the abundance of these two other bacteria was high in the grapevine stem tissue, there was a significant increase in observations of the disease-free phenotype. While some biological control agents have harmful downstream effects, altering the microbiome to prevent plant disease presents a less toxic and more effective solution.

In our research so far, we have noted at least one potential mutualism between fungal Fusarium sp. and the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris, the cause of a plant disease called black rot, which is notable for its similarities to Fusarium wilt. These two species have both shown increased abundances in diseased tissues across different grows, and it would be interesting to examine how they interact to control the root rot phenotype. There is already at least one fungal species, Trichoderma viride, that is sold as a biocontrol agent for Fusarium wilt. During our survey of the diseased rhizosphere we detected this organism, but the abundance was very low, suggesting that it was insufficiently applied or had failed to thrive. Ongoing metagenomic monitoring could also be applied in such a case to gauge the efficacy of such treatments.

The type of long-term longitudinal study previously described would be a major investment, but the outcome could have major effects on the industry. By learning how to better alter the Cannabis microbiome we could develop better disease and pest management, increase yields and impact chemotypes, and understand the succession of microbial communities through harvesting and processing to pinpoint where ‘contaminating’ microbes enter into the system. Better understanding the interplay of powdery mildew and cannabis might change our perspective of it from a pest which needs to be eradicated to a biocontrol agent with a potential downside that can be managed. And finally, we want to understand how growers can harness these benefits while still being able to pass a yeast and mold test.

References

Waldrop, M P, Holloway, J M, Smith, D B, Goldhaber, M B, Drenovsky, R E, Scow, K M, Dick, R, Howard, D, Wylie, B, Grace JB. 2017. The interacting roles of climate, soils, and plant production on soil microbial communities at a continental scale. Ecology. 2017 Jul; 98(7):1957-1967. doi: 10.1002/ecy.1883.
Deyett, E., Roper, C.M., Ruegger, P., Yang, J., Borneman, J., Rolshausen, P.E. Microbial Landscape of the Grapevine Endosphere in the Context of Pierce’s Disease. Phytobiomes. 2017 Nov; (1) 3: 2471-2906. doi: 10.1094/PBIOMES-08-17-0033-R

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EVIO Labs is the leading national provider of accredited cannabis testing, providing high quality analytical and consulting services for agricultural and biomedical industries in North America. EVIO Labs is dedicated to providing clients with superior customer service, reliable results, and world class expertise. No matter which lab in the EVIO Labs network you choose, you will receive the same high level of accuracy, customer service, and professionalism.

Growers Network’s Condition Profile: Potassium Deficiency/Toxicity

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In this series of articles, Growers Network talks about a few of the most common Cannabis conditions you need to watch out for. Today’s topic: Potassium Deficiency/Toxicity.

Plant conditions can be a major headache in any grow operation and Cannabis has no shortage of them. So for today’s condition profile we’re going to discuss potassium deficiency/toxicity, a condition you may find yourself dealing with in your grow if your nutrients aren’t adjusted properly.

Quick Look

Common Name: Potassium Deficiency/Toxicity
Scientific Name: Potassium Deficiency/Toxicity
Symptoms: Manifests similarly to an iron deficiency. Brown or yellow coloring in leaf tips, leaves will start to curl and may appear “burnt”. In some cases, plants may seem to stretch.
Caused by: A large number of potential nutrient antagonisms, nutrient deficiency, pH imbalance
Timing: Typically appears in flowering, particularly weeks 3-4, but can occur at any time

Potassium Deficiency/Toxicity

What is it?

Potassium deficiency/toxicity is exactly as it describes -- a lack of enough potassium in the soil or medium to provide enough nutrients for the plant to properly grow, or an excess of potassium that can cause a lockout of potassium. Ironically, an excess of potassium in the soil can cause potassium deficiency.

Additionally, sometimes antagonism from other nutrients may cause what appears to be potassium deficiency/toxicity. According to our vetted partners at Maximum Yield, an excess of the following can cause an apparent deficiency/toxicity in potassium:

Nitrogen
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium

Potassium deficiency in cannabis, image courtesy of I Love Growing Marijuana.

What to look for

The symptoms of a potassium deficiency manifest very similarly to those of an iron deficiency. Leaf tips will start to turn brown or yellow and leaves may also start to curl. In cases that persist, leaves may start to appear burnt. Additionally, stems will begin to “stretch” and the plants will become unusually tall or long, but structurally weak. Left untreated, chlorotic blotches will appear on leaves, followed by necrosis.

Severe potassium deficiency in other plants.

Symptoms can include:

Leaves turning yellow or brown
Leaves curling
Leaves turning chlorotic or necrotic
Stems “stretching” and growing abnormally

How to Treat/Prevent

Identification

First, you need to make sure that you actually have a potassium deficiency or toxicity problem before you start changing your nutritional supplements. If you add too many nutrients (or too few), you could be aggravating a different problem with your plants!

To identify you have the “right” deficiency, check the pH and EC of your nutrient water in the line, and test the pH and EC of the runoff. If you see a drop in EC and pH remains constant, then your pH values are correct and you can check for other issues. If your EC doesn’t drop (or drops too much), or your pH varies, then you may have another issue. Check this article out for more details about runoff issues.

However, runoff tests aren’t always the most reliable. They are cheap and fast, but not a guarantee by any stretch. They also don’t tell you precisely what you’re missing or have too much of. If you truly want to know what’s going on, you need to send in a tissue sample or soil sample to a lab and get their analysis.

Treatment

Treatment will depend on the aforementioned identification. If you find that your pH is outside of acceptable ranges (5.5-6.5), first correct your pH. If your EC is reading odd or abnormal values, then make sure there isn’t a salt buildup or precipitate in your feeding regimen.

If test results show a deficiency in calcium or magnesium, add a CalMag to your feeding regimen and see if the problem resolves. But don’t add too much, because excess of these nutrients can cause the same problem!

And if you get test results back for low potassium, the solution is simple! Add more potassium!

But be warned -- the problem might actually be caused by an excess of potassium. When that’s the case, you’ll need to start flushing your medium with pure water, slowly adding back other nutrients the plant needs. You don’t want to aggravate one problem by causing others.

Prevention

Prevention of a potassium deficiency or toxicity is relatively simple -- just monitor the soil or medium! Send regular samples into labs for testing to make sure you don’t have too much or too little. Keep an eye out for any of the aforementioned symptoms, and make sure to take notes of your feeding schedules!

One other method of prevention exists, and this is growing in a hydroponic system. Potassium deficiencies in hydroponic systems are exceedingly rare, given how easy it is for plants to uptake potassium in the nutrient solutions available for hydroponic grows.

A Few Other Things

Potassium deficiencies or toxicities don’t commonly appear early in cannabis’ life cycle. Generally, cannabis only requires relatively small amounts of potassium early on, and will start pulling much more significant amounts of it when it enters the flowering phase. Our resident growing expert says that you’ll likely start seeing potassium deficiencies or toxicities around week 3 or 4 of flowering.

So now you know a bit about potassium deficiency/toxicity and what you can do to prevent it from ruining your grow. Have additional questions about it? You should join our forum where you can post pics and ask our expert community about this topic or any other!

Happy Growing!

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Hunter Wilson is a community builder with Growers Network. He graduated from the University of Arizona in 2011 with a Masters in Teaching and in 2007 with a Bachelors in Biology.

Growers Network’s Condition Profile: Phosphorus Deficiency

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In this series of articles, Growers Network talks about a few of the most common Cannabis conditions you need to watch out for. Today’s topic: Phosphorus Deficiency.

Plant conditions can be a major headache in any grow operation and Cannabis has no shortage of them. So for today’s condition profile we’re going to discuss nitrogen deficiency, a condition you may find yourself dealing with in your grow if your nutrients aren’t adjusted properly.

Quick Look

Common Name: Phosphorus Deficiency
Scientific Name: Phosphorus Deficiency
Symptoms: Stunted growth, old leaves browning and dying, weak stems
Caused by: A lack of phosphorus in your nutrients
Timing: Any time

Phosphorus Deficiency

What is it?

Phosphorus is is a macronutrient necessary for plant growth, and any deficiency will show very prominently as a stunting of growth and darkening of leaves. While generally rare, it is a very serious problem if not addressed.

Phosphorus powder

What to look for

Early symptoms of a phosphorus deficiency will show as darkened leaves or slowed growth. As time goes on and the deficiency progress, older leaves will start to brown and curl. Other parts of the plant will show discoloration and may even turn a shade of purple not typical of the strain.

Late flowering phosphorus deficiency

Symptoms can include:

Darkened leaves
Stunted growth
Older leaves falling off
Discoloration of plant parts, particularly towards the base of the stem.

How to Treat/Prevent

Identification

Generally expect potassium deficiencies are rare, particularly in soil. Phosphorus is included in nearly every major nutrient additive (the P in NPK), so you generally shouldn’t have an issue unless you’re underfeeding overall. When deficiencies show, they tend to be in the flowering stages. However, should your plant suddenly seem to slow growth or stop growing, it’s worth investigating. Phosphorus is critical for a variety of cellular functions, and a lack of it is nasty.

So take a soil sample and send it in to a lab! The only way to know for certain that you’re missing phosphorus is get a GC-MS machine or HPLC machine on the job. When you get your test results back, you should know what’s going on nutrient-wise.

Treatment

Treatment is relatively straightforward. Just add more phosphorus to the nutrient regimen. There’s no need to go overboard -- the plant will show if you’re not providing enough.

Prevention

Prevention is also relatively straightforward. Just make sure you have the P in NPK when you feed your plants. Beyond that, just make sure you send in soil samples to a lab on a relatively regular basis so you can get an assessment of how your feeding regimen is working.

One Other Thing

As is typical of nutrient issues, always make sure that your medium’s pH is within acceptable parameters (5.5 to 6.5 pH). Additionally, be aware that phosphorous is antagonistic to boron and zinc absorption.

So now you know a bit about phosphorus deficiencies and what you can do to prevent it from ruining your grow. Have additional questions about phosphorus deficiencies? You should join our forum where you can post pics and ask our expert community about this topic or any other!

Happy Growing!

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Is Cannabis an Effective Treatment for Anxiety?

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Releaf examines the relationship between cannabis and anxiety and asks whether cannabis can be used to treat anxiety.

Disclaimer

This article was originally published on the Releaf App blog. Click here if you would like to read the original article.

Depending on who you ask, the term anxiety could be viewed as taboo or a sign of weakness. Sadly, these perceptions can perpetuate a shameful stigma which is one of the primary reasons why fewer than 40% of adults with anxiety disorders seek out treatment. With estimates of nearly 40 million Americans impacted each year, it is fair to say that Anxiety Disorders are one of the most common mental illnesses in the United States.

What is Anxiety?

While there are a vast array of anxiety classifications and derivations, there are five “groups” of anxiety disorders that are the most common. According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, they are as follows:

Generalized Anxiety Disorder, abbreviated as GAD, is an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic anxiety, exaggerated worry, and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it. Individuals affected by GAD experience higher amounts of stress even for experiences they are familiar with.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, abbreviated as OCD, is an anxiety disorder and is characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions). Repetitive behaviors such as hand washing, counting, checking, or cleaning are often performed with the hope of preventing obsessive thoughts or making them go away. Performing these so-called “rituals,” however, provides only temporary relief, and not performing them markedly increases anxiety.
Panic Disorder is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear (or panic) accompanied by physical symptoms that may include chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, or abdominal distress. Individuals with Panic Disorder may have one or several rituals that can calm them, but severe cases may require hospitalization and monitoring.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, abbreviated as PTSD, is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal (a “trauma”) in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. Traumatic events that may trigger PTSD include violent personal assaults, familial abuse, natural or human-caused disasters, accidents, or military combat. PTSD was described in the first World War as “shell shock,” but it is not exclusive to combat veterans.
Social Phobia (or Social Anxiety Disorder), is an anxiety disorder characterized by overwhelming anxiety and excessive self-consciousness in everyday social situations. Social phobia can be limited to only one type of situation – such as a fear of speaking in formal or informal situations, or eating or drinking in front of others – or, in its most severe forms, may be so broad that a person experiences symptoms almost anytime they are around other people. Social Phobia may afflict both extroverts and introverts.

Editor’s Note: Many people colloquially conflate pedantry with OCD. However, OCD is significantly more persistent and can debilitate sufferers from carrying out normal activities as they focus intensely on something that bothers them to the exclusion of other real issues.

As we mentioned before, not all anxiety sufferers seek out treatment, but there are proven treatment options available. Common treatment plans will include some form of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and may also incorporate prescription pharmaceuticals. There are several classes of medication that can be prescribed for anxiety disorders, and the most common classes are:

SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors)
Benzodiazepine

If you would like to take a deeper look into the medications listed above, please visit this link to learn more about the possible side effects of taking each “class”. Remember, these are prescription drugs, so if you have any questions or concerns, always consult with your doctor before making any changes to your current treatment plan.

Is Cannabis a Treatment Option?

When it comes to anxiety medications, the pros do not always outweigh the cons. Anxiety sufferers may turn to medical cannabis as a possible treatment option. While there is still more work to be done, the current body of research indicates that medical cannabis might be a viable treatment option for patients that have been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. To learn more about applying for a medical cannabis license in your state, please visit the “Resources for Patients” on the Americans for Safe Access website.

Medical cannabis, an underutilized treatment option, is slowly making its way onto the scene as a legitimate treatment option for insomnia patients. In the past, there was anecdotal evidence speaking to this effect, but we now have mounting scientific evidence documenting the efficacy of medical cannabis as a possible form of treatment for insomnia. Insomnia is a symptom of anxiety disorders, and shows efficacy there.

In early July, the Releaf App team contributed to the body of research by co-publishing a peer-reviewed article with a talented team of researchers at the University of New Mexico. The study, which analyzed anonymous aggregated data from Releaf patients’ insomnia sessions, found that there was an average symptom severity reduction of -4.5 points on a 0-10 point scale when patients used cannabis to help them fall asleep. The study also found that pipes and vaporizers were associated with greater symptom relief and more positive side effects than joints. Furthermore, sessions during which Cannabis indica flower was smoked or vaped resulted in fewer context-specific negative side effects than sessions with Cannabis sativa.

Editor’s Note: However, bear in mind cannabis is not a panacea. Some users have reported experiencing increased anxiety when using cannabis. This may be a result of anxiety surrounding the legal repercussions of cannabis or other external factors, or it may be internal to the user. Always make sure to try before you buy, so to speak.

Join the Releaf Anxiety Study!

If you are interested in anonymously contributing to our anxiety research, please download The Releaf App for free in the Google or iTunes Store today. Patients can join our research group by typing in the following group code in the app: “releaf4anxiety”.

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For us, Releaf is personal. Created with founder Franco Brockelman’s mother in mind, Releaf was designed under the basic principle that there had to be a better way to track and demystify the world of medical cannabis; a process which can be hard to navigate for experienced users, let alone people who are new to their course of treatment.

Why LED Grow Lights Will Give You Greater Cannabis Yields Than Regular LEDs

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Kind LED explains to us why your average store-bought LED bulbs won’t cut it for growing plants. Many novice marijuana cultivators are wondering if they can use regular LED lights for growing their crops; after all, LED is LED, right?

Many novice marijuana cultivators are wondering if they can use regular LED lights for growing their crops; after all, LED is LED, right?

Not really, no.

Key Differences Between LED Grow Lights and Regular LEDs

LED lights and LED grow lights are two terms often used interchangeably, but in fact, they are worlds apart from each other when it comes to growing cannabis indoors. LED lighting is actually a very broad term and can refer to almost countless types of lights, such as a LED flashlights, LED headlights, and LED aquarium lights. All of these lights serve different purposes, which brings us to the following conclusion:

LED Grow Lights Are Designed for Growing Plants

Let’s talk about running for a moment. It’s totally possible to run in sandals, and if you’ve never had a chance to try other shoes, you might try to convince everybody that sandals are the perfect running shoes. However, if you’re watching a marathon, you’re going to have a hard time finding someone in sandals.

LED lights are similar. Regular LEDs have a plethora of utilities that make them perfect for illumination in general. They’re bright, last longer than traditional lighting, and energy-efficient. Nonetheless, in order to grow cannabis effectively and efficiently, you need a dedicated lighting system specific for growing cannabis.

LED Grow Lights Come with a Better Light Spectrum for Cannabis

Regular household LED lights emit mostly yellow and green light, which are very visible to humans. Cannabis, like many plants, doesn’t use these wavelengths for most of photosynthesis, so with a normal LED lamp, only two thirds or less of these bulbs spectra will be used by the plants. The rest is simply wasted energy, which translates into heat. Hence, it will take longer to grow plants and produce smaller yields.

LED grow lights, on the other hand offer a fuller, more optimized spectrum of light, with more blues and reds; some manufacturers even add UV or IR to further expand the spectrum and improve growing patterns. Blue and red wavelengths of light are critical for the process of photosynthesis, so buying a set of dedicated lights provides plants the perfectly tailored spectrum.

They Are More Customizable Than Household LEDs

While it is tempting to buy regular, consumer LED bulbs to minimize the upfront cost, think about the customization options that LED grow lights offer. Some high-end commercial LED companies offer lights with 10 emitter types at different wavelengths, which makes it easier to make the most out of the full spectrum of light they provide. Some even give you the ability to customize the spectrum, so you can provide your plants the ideal spectrum throughout the plant’s development. Supplementing the lighting system with some deep blue and far-red wavelengths can help grow big, healthy plants.

They Use More Durable Components

Cannabis plants require almost constant access to light in the vegetative stage when they grow stems and leaves. Lighting systems need to be designed to meet those requirements. There’s simply no guarantee that regular LED bulbs will make it to the harvest. Furthermore, cutting down on the light supply, even for emergency reasons, puts both the quantity and quality of your yields in danger.

Last but not least, household LEDs need to be placed much closer to the leaves of the plants than LED plant grow lights, which can burn the surface of the top leaves and stress the plants. Since stressed crops produce smaller buds, regular LED bulbs are not the best option for growing top-quality weed indoors.

Given the above, the grow-specific lights win. They offer greater efficiency, the perfect light spectrum, and will last much longer than normal bulbs. Just like running a marathon in sandals, just because you can grow marijuana with regular LEDs doesn’t mean you should.

Interested in checking out more LEDs? Click here!

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2. Phone: (855) 559–KIND
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Kind LED Grow Lights was formed and founded by age old growers who have utilized traditional High Intensity Discharge lighting to attain amazing yields and top quality results harvest after harvest, for decades on end. When LEDs first entered the scene many years ago, the folks at Kind LED were skeptical to say the least.

Blockchain – What can it do for you?

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Cybrswype talks to us about the potential lying dormant in blockchain, the technology that powers cryptocurrencies such as BitCoin.

When you hear the term “Bitcoin,” what do you think? What about “blockchain” or “cryptocurrency?” You’re probably imagining some person sitting in their parent’s basement, sweating profusely as they look at charts and graphs like they’re day traders. And in some instances, you might not be wrong. In truth, though, blockchain technology represents an opportunity for the cannabis industry.

Blockchain presents many benefits and opportunities associated with a lack of central banking:

All paperwork associated with normal banking is eliminated.
Blockchain ledgers don’t depend on a central bank to secure the integrity of the information being exchanged.
Little to no human capital is required required to verify, account, and document exchanges. This can all be handled via computers.
Since a bank is not required to serve as the provider of security, there is no scrutiny above your business.

Now I see your eyes glazing over. You’ve heard this pitch before. Snoop Dogg’s doing a cryptocurrency for weed. There’s HempCoin, Paragon, CannabisCoin, Tokes, and many, many more. And they all have the same problems that every other cryptocurrency (or crypto for short) has. They’re not particularly useful for day-to-day interactions, particularly dispensary to customer interactions, due to the time delay involved in cryptocurrency mining. Cryptos are also not very easy to translate between real-world money such as USD and back and forth, and they’re often simply used by speculators as investment vehicles. Additionally, cryptos require some kind of computer integration with your POS systems to make it feasible.

And that’s where an opportunity lies. Packaging this technology into a system that’s easy to integrate and participate in is critical. Using a crypto that is not vulnerable to the volatility of trading like other larger cryptos, such as BitCoin, adds value to the crypto as an actual currency, instead of acting as an investment vehicle for day traders.

So how do we do that? How can we get around these systemic problems?

Instead of creating a new cryptocurrency and new rules, the solution lies in building new layers of features on top of the foundation provided by the larger cryptocurrencies in the industry. Cybrswype, recently admitted to the Growers Network, is educating and bringing awareness to the benefits of blockchain and how it can help free cannabis from the looming wrath of regulators. As a blockchain company, Cybrswype is keeping the narrative alive, not selling a new crypto with new promises. Blockchain is one of the most secure, transparent and immutable technologies in existence, and can make cannabis cashless, and financially legal on a federal level. Based out of Dallas, Cybrswype aims to bring blockchain technology to cannabis in an easy package through education, so that people can understand how misunderstood that technology and how it can be extremely beneficial to the multi billion dollar and growing US cannabis industry.

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